Character Comparison of “Young Goodman Brown” and the...

Character Comparison of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and the â€Å"Lottery† . Mathew Speakman English 102 Professor Katie Robinson July 15, 2012 Thesis Statement: In Nathaniel Hawthornes â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and Shirley Jacksons â€Å"The Lottery†, we are given a picture of seemingly normal people who are capable of incredible evil. Outline: Opening mood in both stories a. Goodman Browns sets out on a walk in the forest, but knows that evil awaits him. b. The townspeople act nonchalant, but pile up stones and behave with nervous tension. Action of characters a. The characters were influenced by their ancestors and peers, and did not follow their convictions. b. They were unwilling to step out†¦show more content†¦Strangely, the children are piling up stones and the men are especially stern. There is a feeling of nervousness in the air, as if something terrible is going to happen. Both stories, despite their everyday beginnings, elude to an outcome much more sinister. The characters actions reveal their hesitation toward change and willingness to commit evil. Instead of relying on their own convictions, the characters allow the actions of their ancestors and peers to influence their own path. Despite a mounting anxiety over evil being perpetrated, they crumble under the pressure of the majority. Several times in â€Å"The Lottery†, someone makes mention of â€Å"giving up the lottery.† Just the suggestion is met with Speakman 2 fierce opposition from the old man of the town. Goodman Brown decides to â€Å"stand firm against the Devil†, but ultimately he presses on in the path toward sin. These characters are not willing to be the first to stand up against obvious injustices. They choose to continue down the path of those who came before them. In â€Å"The Lottery†, the downfall of the townspeople is following tradition. It is mentioned several times that many details of the lotterys ritual have been lost, but the lottery itself remains. Jackson writes, â€Å"no one liked to upset even as much tradition as was represented by the black box.† Old Man Warner scolds some of the townspeople, calling themShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast Essay1047 Words   |  5 Pagesand Contrast â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"The Lottery† By: Melissa A. Reeves Professor Andrew Smith ENGL 102-B46 LUO Thesis Statement The stories â€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† both appear to show that human behavior and judgment can be flawed, even if the person’s intentions appear good to them. There is a level of fear and underlying evil in Puritan settings in both stories. I. Introduction/Statement of Thesis II. Themes and Author’s Purpose A. The Lottery i.Read MoreChoices With Consequences VsThe Lottery, And Young Goodman Brown, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1296 Words   |  6 PagesTalal Almutairi Dr. Gates English 305 5 July 2017 Choices with Consequences In this paper, I shall focus on drawing comparisons and contrasts between â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne. In her short story, ‘The Lottery’, Jackson uses a series of specific details and ordinary personages to describe the events leading to an unfair death. These details reveal the dangers of blindly upholding traditions and passing them to the next generations, withoutRead MoreHistory of the Development of the Short Story.3660 Words   |  15 Pages The period following World War II saw a great flowering of literary short fiction in the United States. The New Yorker continued to publish the works of the form’s leading mid-century practitioners, including Shirley Jackson, whose story, â€Å"The Lottery,† published in 1948, elicited the strongest response in the magazine’s history to that time. Other frequent contributors during the last 1940s included John Cheever, John S teinbeck, Jean Stafford and Eudora Welty. J. D. Salingers â€Å"Nine Stories† (1953)Read MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesor a short story. Events of any kind, of course, inevitably involve people, and for this reason it is virtually impossible to discuss plot in isolation from character. Character and plot are, in fact, intimately and reciprocally related, especially in modern fiction. A major function of plot can be said to be the representation of characters in action, though as we will see the action involved can be internal and psychological as well as external and physical. 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The First Major Theory Of Personality - 1377 Words

The first major theory of personality is the Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality and was created by Sigmund Freud. Freud’s observations lead him to conclude that many mental disorders were caused by psychological factors. This was what lead him to create the Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality. This theory is very different from the other theories and it is based on three assumptions. The first assumption is that all psychological events have a cause which is known as psychic determinism. He believed that child experiences, like parenting, have a major influence on adult personality. He believed that dreams, and â€Å"Freudian Slips† reflected what people truly thought and felt. The second assumption is that all actions are meaningful. Simple things that you do not think about as having meaning are considered symbolic of something else. The third assumption, which is known as unconscious motivation, explains that we rarely ever understand why we do what we do. We stil l attempt to make up an explanation for this act even though we do not understand why we did it. Freud’s view of the mind is often thought of as an ice berg. The ego makes up the conscious mind. The ego also known as the boss is the main decision maker. The ego’s decisions are determined by the reality principle. The reality principle waits to express certain emotions, thoughts, or actions until it can find an appropriate outlet. The id is completely submerged under water. The id holds our most crude thoughts. MostShow MoreRelatedThere Is A Wide Array Of Theories About The Cause Of Crime1102 Words   |  5 PagesThere is a wide array of theories about the cause of crime ranging from predisposition to environmental factors. Research and development of these delinquency theories have progressed and been categorized by biological, psychological, and sociological theories. A major biological theory is Richard Dugdale’s theory of inheritance. There are several psych ological theories with two of them being intelligence theory and Sigmund Freud’s personality trait theory. Sociological theories includes Emilie Durkheim’sRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology, Humanistic, Social Cognitive And Trait Perspective1235 Words   |  5 PagesPersonality is defined as an individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking1. In psychology, personality is utilized to sum up all the ways of an individual’s thinking, feeling and acting that based on the environment and experience. Various personality theories exist and are categorized into four major perspectives—Psychoanalytic, Humanistic, Social Cognitive and trait perspective. These four major perspectives on personality help to describe the numerous patterns in each individual’sRead MoreThe Theory Of Career Counseling1072 Words   |  5 Pagesstates that John Holland’s theory is the most widely used, respected, and researched theory of career co unseling (pg. 148). 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Advertising and Dove free essay sample

With the right research, look, and design an advertisement has the capabilities to change the way people think of a certain product. Take Dove for example. Prior to 2004, this international mega brand used advertising tactics much like many beauty brands in the industry were using- skinny models, sexual innuendos, and trendy images. But their products Werner]t getting the success they hoped for. Driven by a declining market share and decreased sales, Dove decided to take a daring new move and use curvier women in their ads. They called their new campaign the Dove Campaign for Real Beauty.The campaign, which targeted women of all shapes and sizes, sought to reverse the fabricated idea that all women should be a size 2 with voluptuous lips, perfect hair, and toned skin. Ultimately, Dove hoped that the campaign would change the way their target audience related to their products. They never could have imagined the campaign would get so much attention, spark heated debate, and be a leading factor of increased sales and market share. We will write a custom essay sample on Advertising and Dove or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So how exactly did Dove succeed in doing all this? Lets look at one of Doves advertisements and analyze its relationship to the original product.One billboard sums up the Dove Campaign for Real Beauty in a nutshell. The billboard, which advertises Doves skin firming lotion, is just one example of Doves newest campaign, which seeks to change the way Doves target audience relates to their products. The billboard is able to put a certain spin on the skin firming product by using a variety of tactics and strategies. One such strategy is hidden in the text of the billboard itself. Advertising is famous for its use of rhetoric language, and the Dove advertisement is an excellent example of using rhetoric to persuade its audience.The words need and real evoke a feeling of freshness and help persuade the audience to buy the lotion. According to Gillian Dyer, author of Advertising as Communication (1988, p. 149), the word real is one of the most common adjectives used in advertising. Words such as need and real[l, not only describe things, but they communicate feelings, associations, and attitudes; they bring ideas to our minds. (Dyer 1 988, p. 140). Dyer (1988, p. 1 58) also states that rhetoric language also carries the implication of extravagance and artifice, not to mention a lack of information.The lack of information is clear in the Dove billboard. The sentence is abbreviated and simply constructed, which is a common technique among advertisements as to not confuse the target audience with the message. Every element of the Dove campaign has been strategically placed for maximum impact. The color white, which takes up most the space on the billboard, is a sacred and pure color. The color can aid in mental clarity, help evoke purification of thoughts and actions, and enable fresh beginnings (Squids).The color white also has a soothing aspect to it, and helps draw attention to the most important image on the lapboard; the six women. 2 The women are shown wearing only underclothes evoking a feeling of intimacy and self confidence and acceptance. The women seem happy, relaxed, and secure. Every aspect of the Women from their eye-contact, to their size, to their manner are all involved in the coding process of the ad, which helps to create a message of natural and real beauty. According to Dyer, ads generally confirm conventions of the ideal type.D However, with Dove showing ordinary women in their ad, a sense of realness and naturalness can be seen (Dyer 1988, p. 99). This is much like what Mike did in heir ads when they introduced the concept of the ghetto by stressing its realness. Judith Williamson, author of Decoding Advertisements, states that ads have to have meaning to us. An ad has to connect to the person they are targeting, which in Dove]s case is all women, of every shape, size, and nationality. Simply put, the Dove ad is not selling a product; it is selling the target audience (Williamson 2002, p. 1 2).But are the women on the billboard shown in a desirable light? Many people probably donuts think so. But Dove chose to show reality and not the conventional beauty model. Their daring campaign went against all the norms of modern advertising, and showed the more truthful and honest side of women today. However, much back lash and criticism evolved over the Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. In the book, Mythologies, by Roland Farthest, Farthest explains a lot about myth as a seismological system, since he argues myth is a speech (2000, p. 109-1 32). Is the Dove campaign a myth? Farthest would most likely argue yes.Take the six curvy women in the ad. The realness and honesty of the women masks the actual purpose of the ad, which is to sell a beauty product, which ultimately interdicts the dados message for real and natural beauty. If the women were really happy with their bodies, they wouldnt need Doves skin-firming lotion (Guardian News). The new tactic for using real, average looking women was just another strategy to appeal to and spin womens emotions, so that they would buy the product. Many critics raise the question of what makes these women any more honest than slender models typically shown in ads.They argue that the six women were still actors, still told to pose a certain way, smile in a certain direction, and pose in a certain manner. As Farthest (2000, p. 126-129) argues, myth hides nothing and flaunts nothing: it distorts; myth is neither a lie nor a confession: it is an inflexion And motivation is unavoidable when it comes to myth. 3 The Dove billboard can easily be compared to the story of the World of Wrestling from Farthest Mythologies. In the story, wrestling is described as a myth for the simple reason that the audience doesnt care if a wrestling match is rigged, but rather what it is seeing taking place. They dont think about reality or truth. In fact, they really dont think at all; they see (Farthest 000, p. 1 5). This can be applied to the Dove advertisement because the audience is only engaged with what it sees, not with the truth and persuasion of the ad. The target audience doses[let realize that what thinner seeing was all a process to evoke a certain message and get them to think a certain way about their product or have meaning to the audience. And think a certain way they did. Ultimately Dove[ls daring strategy increased their sales and market share. Women were able to connect to the ad, which in turn made them buy the product. The campaign led to the Dove Self Esteem Fund, which gave Dove even more media exposure with the making of Youth videos and clips. As one can see, Dove successfully turned around their advertising tactics, which led to increased sales and changed feelings toward Dove products. These products were the same beauty products before and after the new campaign, but successful advertising allowed for people to view the products as something totally different.Dove Campaign for Real Beauty Case Study The Dove Campaign for Real Beauty (CUFF) began in England in 2004 when Dove]s sales declined as a result of being lost in a crowded market. Milliner, Doves parent company, .NET to Delano, its PR agency, for a solution. Together, they conceived a campaign that focused not on the product, but on a way to make women feel beautiful regardless of their age and size. 1 The following summer, CUFF was brought to the United States and Canada. CURB aimed not only to increase sales of Dove beauty products, but also targeted women of all ages and shapes. According to the CUFF website, The Dove Campaign for Real Beauty is a global effort that is intended to serve as a starting point for societal change and act as a catalyst for widening the definition and discussion of beauty. The campaign supports the Dove mission: to make women feel more beautiful every day by challenging todays stereotypical view of beauty and inspiring women to take great care of themselves. 3 4 In addition to changing womens view of their bodies, Dove also aimed to change the beauty market.In an industry where the standard of beauty is often a size two blonde supermodel, Dove distinguished itself by using models that ranged from size six to fourteen. CAR? abandoned the conventional cynical method of portraying perfect women as beauty role models. Research: Dove commissioned The Real Truth About Beauty study as way to explore what beauty means to women today. Strategy, an applied research firm, managed the study in conjunction with Dry. Nancy Outcome and Massachusetts General Hospital- Harvard University, and with consultation of Dry.Susie Arroba of the London School of Economics. Between February 27, 2004 and March 26, 2004, the global study collected data from 3,200 women, aged 18 to 64. Interviews were conducted across ten countries: the U. S. , Canada, Great Britain, Italy, France, Portugal, Netherlands, Brazil, Argentina and Japan. The study evolved Out of a desire to talk to women round the world about female beauty. According to the study, Dove knows that the relationship women have with beauty is complex: it can be powerful and inspiring, but elusive and frustrating as well. We sponsored this study in order to probe more deeply into this intricate relationship. Dove wanted to understand how women define beauty; how satisfied they are with their beauty; how they feel about female beautys portrayal in society; and, how beauty affects their well-being. This was the first comprehensive study of its kind. The following statistics are a sampling of results from the study: Only 2% of these women describe themselves as beautiful About 3/4 of them rate their beauty as average Almost 1/2 of them think their weight is too high The previous findings are particularly the case in the US. 60%), Great Britain (57%) and Canada (54%). Almost half of all women (48%) strongly agreed (8, 9, or 10 on a ID-point scale) with the statement that: When feel less beautiful, I feel worse about myself in general. 5 Just 13% of all women say they are very satisfied with their beauty, 12% with their physical attractiveness, 17% with their facial attractiveness and 13% with their body weight and shape. The study revealed that women see beauty and physical attractiveness as increasingly socially mandated and rewarded.Almost two-thirds strongly agreed that: Women today are expected to be more physically attractive than their mothers generation was (63%); and, Society expects women to enhance their physical attra ctiveness (60%). Larry Coffer, the senior vice president of consumer brands at Delano, maintained that the research was vital to the campaign: Without having a foundation in the global research study, which showed that the image of beauty was unattainable, we would[let have had the credibility in creating the trials, in pitching stories and being able to answer some of the folks that dint agree with the campaign. After the initial study, Dove commissioned two more studies, one in 2005 and one in 2006. The additional information furthered Doves research about women CSS perceptions of beauty across several cultures. The later studies revealed the following data: 1. 90% of all women 15-64 worldwide want to change at least one aspect of their physical appearance (with body weight ranking the highest). 2. 67% of all women 15 to 64 withdraw from life-engaging activities due to feeling badly about their kooks (among them things like giving an opinion, going to school, going to the doctor). . 61% of all women and 69% of girls (15 to 1 7) feel that their mother has had a positive influence on their feelings about themselves and their beauty. 4. 91% feel the media and advertising need to do a better job of representing realistic images of women over 50. 5. 97% believe society is less accepting of appearance considerations for women over 50 compared to their younger counterparts, especially when focused on the body. 6 6. Nearly of women believe that if magazines were reflective of a population, a person would likely believe women over 50 do not exist. . 87% of women believe they are too young to be old. Campaign Details Campaign for Real Beauty Target Audience: All women, all ages and of all sizes. Objectives: 1 . Increase sales of Dove beauty products and new product lines 2. Create dialogue, debate, and discussion about the true meaning of beauty 3. Attract national TV and print media coverage 4. Gain local press attention in the hometowns of models featured throughout the campaign 5. Drive users to the CUFF Web sites to share their thoughts and opinions about the aiming and beauty stereotypes 6.Create a call to action for consumers to join the movement through website pledge that activate a donation by Dove for self-esteem awareness programs TACTICS: Advertising: Dove launched a global advertising campaign in October 2004 questioning whether model attributes, such as youth, slimness, and symmetrical features, are required for beauty or if they are completely irrelevant to it. 8 The ads each presented an image of a woman whose appearance differed from the stereotypical physical ideal, and asked the reader/viewer to judge the womans looks by checking off a box. Wrinkled?Wonderful? featured Irene Sinclair, 95, of London, England with a wrinkled face and asked: Will society ever accept old can be beautiful? Gray? Gorgeous? featured Merlin Glazer, 45, of London, England with a natural mane of gray hair and asks: Why arent women glad to be gray? Oversized? Outstanding? featured Tablas Roman, 34, of New York, NY a plus-size woman and asked: Does true beauty only squeeze into a Size 7 Half empty? Half full? featured Esther Power, 35, of London, England with small breasts and asked: Does sexiness depend on how full your cups are? Flawed? Flawless? Featured Lea Sheehan, 22, of London, England with freckles and asked: Does beauty mean looking like everyone else? Each ad directed readers/viewers to whom. Counterrevolutionary. Com where they could cast their votes. TV Commercials: Dove aired many commercials to reach the target audience Website: Women can visit www. Counterrevolutionary. Com and cast their votes on the questions raised in the ad campaign. The website also allows women to partake in ongoing dialogue about beauty by posting to discussion boards, downloading several research studies about beauty, and hearing and reading what women round the world have to say.Billboards: Dove placed mobile billboards in major cities. Each billboard challenged womens notions of beauty by encouraging them to cast their votes online. A featured interactive billboards, located in New Works Times Square highlighted and kept a running tally of the votes submitted for the Wrinkled? Wonderful? ad. Panel discussions: The Campaign for Real Beauty launched in New York City on September 29 with a panel discussion about beauty. The kick-off was co-hosted by American Women in Radio and Television, and featured Dry. Nancy Outcome of Harvard university; Mindy Herman, former CEO, E!Entertainment Television; And Bernstein, Vice President, Special Projects, Oxygen Media and other media and beauty leaders Dove furthered the panel discussions on a grassroots level by partnering with the Hoodlum Institute for Ethical Leadership, a not- for-profit educational organization that provides ethical 8 leadership training and professional development for women, for two special weekend workshops held in Atlanta (October 8-10) and Chicago (November 12-14). Interviews: Interviews with major television shows such as: Good Morning America, The Today Show, The Early Show, The Ellen DesignersShow, The View and Opera. The Dove Self-Esteem Fund: Dove established the Dove Self-Esteem F-undo to raise awarene ss among young girls of the link between beauty and body-related self-esteem. Dove funds programs that raise self-esteem in girls and young women. In the US, the Dove Self-Esteem Fund works through the Milliner Foundation to sponsor uniquely ME! , a partnership program with Girl Scouts of the USA Uniquely ME! Helps girls ages 8-14 build their self-confidence through activities and programs. The Fund also supports Bodywork, an educational program for schools in theUnited Kingdom and Canada. Programs: Establishment of the Program for Aesthetics and Well-Being at Harvard University, through a grant from Dove, which will continue to study the way we view women in the media and culture and the effect that this has on womens well-being. Creation of a global touring photography exhibit, Beyond Compare, Women Photographers on Beauty, showcasing diverse images of female beauty from 67 female photographers, and showing beauty beyond stereotypes. IN THE NEWS: Press Coverage After CUFF was launched, a slew of press was devoted to the ads in the campaign.The campaign was featured and debated across both print and broadcast media. CUFF was featured on national morning shows such as Good Morning America, The Early Show, and The Today 9 Show. Moreover, CUFF was featured on popular talk shows such as The Ellen Designers Show, The View, Opera and The Tara Banks Show. Overwhelmingly, the response of the media applauded the campaign, however CUFF was also criticized. In national and local newspapers and journals, CUFF was written about, debated and the press received responses from the public in the form of letters, online voting, and message boards.Of he 22 articles we found over a time period of 4 years (2004-2007), 17 articles covered CUFF positively, praising the campaign. Only five articles criticized the campaign. PRAISE FOR THE CAMPAIGN FOR REAL BEAUTY 1. In the Pittsburgh Tribune Review, John Convoy applauded CUFF, saying Thank you Dove. No, this isnt an pop-De piece from a real customers discussing the benefits of the latest skincare line. I dont even use Dove products. But I am a fan. This is something far more serious, and real. This is about Doves Campaign for Beauty. When did courageousness become the equivalent to chubby or fat?Convoy went on to explain how body consciousness has become part of everyday life for men in addition to women. Moreover, he commented on how Hollywood starlets have evolved from voluptuous, like Marilyn Monroe, to the waifs of today, like Miasma Barton or Nicole Ritchie. 2. Barbara Lippies critiqued Doves most recent effort for Cream Oil Body Wash in a February 26, 2007 article. Altogether, I give it three-and-a-half loafs out of five. I guess its a testament to how powerful the campaign has been in relaying its message so far. Lippies was featured on The Early Show, talking about the ad. .. It goes against what everybody did for 50 years, which is make you anxious about how you look and, you know, make you think you need to be better. This is saying Youre good enough. C] 3. In the article Ahead of the Curve by Tania White of the Baltimore Sun, White credits CUFF with starting a trend of showing average sized women in the media to change beauty perceptions 1 . Actress Sara Ramirez introduced the winner of a contest to create the newest Dove ad in a commercial during Sundays Oscar telecast. On the TV hit Greyer Anatomy, Ramirez portrays Dry.Calliope Collie Tortes, a lull-figured doctor among waifs female interns. The Dove campaign appears to have started a bit of a trend. Other companies have caught on. 10 4. Dry. Joyce Brothers weighed in on the Dove campaign with an article in Advertising Age. In the article, Dry. Brothers presents a psychologists opinion on the boost that women receive from seeing ads like those featured in CUFF. Dove helps show that We have Come a long way when we no longer have to try to look exactly like every other woman who has been declared by some fashion magazine or film czar to be the epitome of beauty. 5.USA Today treated CUFF in an article about Doves 2006 Superpower ad. Writer Theresa Howard called the ad inspirational. DEBATING REAL BEAUTY The article Why Dove Ads Are So Controversial by Susann Schroeder for Newsweek, described the controversy surrounding reactions to CUFF and wondered Are the women in the companys new ad campaign too big to sell beauty products, or have our minds gotten too small? Schroeder peppered the article with quotes from various sources on both sides of the debate. Furthermore, she argued if it was really the size of the models in CUFF ads or he way the ad was photographed. While photographer Ian Rankin may have been going for a refreshing, natural look, the unreduced photos turned out to be the equivalent of full-length passport shots of women in what looks like underwear meant for jogging. One has to ask whether even celebrity beauties like Jennifer Lopez, Beyond © Knowles, or Kate Winglet would inspire the same harsh critiques under those less-t han-flattering conditions. The emails that Newsweek received following the article were printed in an online mail call supported CUFF. Betty from Chattanooga, Teen. Rites: lets high time someone starts promoting healthy women instead of sticks with imperfections airbrushed out. Women who wear sizes 6 to 12 are NOT fat 1 20 Christine from SST. Louis writes: I just read this article and am surprised that anyone would be hostile to Doves campaign. I think its about time that companies started embracing the reality of how women in America look. 0 CRITICISMS OF THE CAMPAIGN FOR REAL BEAUTY 1. In the Lansing State Journal, gender columnist Matt Katz questioned why there wasnt a campaign similar to CUFF intended for men.Citing that men are increasingly ore self 11 conscious about their looks, Katz maintained that omen can no longer claim a hold on vanity. 2. Bob Garfield of Advertising Age was swayed over time by CUFF. In a July 25, 2005 article Garfield criticized Dove, calling the campaign self-righteous and hypocritical. The models, he said Are all still head-turners, with straight white teeth, no visible pores, and not a cell of cellulite They represent a beauty standard still idealized and, for the overwhelming majority of consumers, still pretty damn unattainable. In the article, Garfield gave the Dove ads a 2. Star rating out of 4. In an October 30, 2006 article, Garfield seemed to have changed his mind. From the beginning, the Campaign for Real Beauty had the makings of something extraordinary, celebrating a concept of beauty far broader than the anorexic, breast- implanted, tricked-up Barbie doll of the cultures fantasies. Garfield praised the viral-video released on the internet 13 entitled Evolution. . .. They[level latched on to a powerful idea here and have demonstrated magnificent sensitivity in following it through. In this review of the CUFF, Garfield gave the d 4 stars. RESPONSES TO CRITICISM I . In response to the articles written by Roper and Guerdon, author Wendy McClure responded with a piece called The Fat Between the Ears which was also featured in the Chicago-Sun Times. McClure blasted her male counterparts calling the criticism heaped on the CPRM models as crude. McClure praised CURB as an extremely hallucinated promotion for soap and cosmetic products; an effort to challenge unrealistic media images; a controversy. She also warned that we, as a society, need to pay attention to the negative responses to campaign as rude as they sound, and as much as we would like to brush them off as part of the controversy] or untypical dumb guy talk. L] Because theyre not just dumb. These]re unreasonable. And why should we have to accept them as typical? McClure went on to describe how ads in Manhattan and in the UK had been vandalized with spray paint or stickers reading Fat isnt Glamorous and Who ate all the pies? And urged readers to avoid dissecting the CUFF models as well as other women portrayed in the media. McClure ended by reminding women that they need not base themselves on the view of men, he writes, And this isnt about whether mens 12 fantasies are unrealistic or stupid or shallow or shameful. Men are certainly entitled to their preferences . Having preferences is one thing; expecting the world to cater to them is another. Men arent obligated to consider every woman beautiful, or for that matter, to make every woman feel good about herself.But by the same token, nobody owes you a nice view, guys. 2. In an interview with MASC.. Com, Debt Boyd, part of the ad team that put together CUFF, dismissed the criticisms, saying We are telling them we want them to aka care of themselves, take care of their beauty, she said. Thats very different from sending them the message to look like something theyre not. The article went on to interview women who have been touched by the ad: In Chicago, woman after woman passing by a huge Dove billboard said they think the company has done just that. Most girls dont have that type of body (of a model) and they know they wont get to that,CLC said Gabby Hurtled, 22. But seeing this they say, l can do that. Boyd said besides women, dads of daughters also have offered praise for the ads. They can imagine a day when heir daughter has to look in the mirror and say, You know, I have big thighs and I am not beautiful any more. 0 Press Vs. . PR Message In many of the articles written about CUFF, information and statistics on the campaign came directly from Dove, including the Dove Global Study.

The Economic Man Concept in the Economy and Society free essay sample

A detailed description on the concept of economic man from its origins until today. This paper presents a thorough examination of the Economic Man phenomena, viewed in the light of economic relations. The paper makes a case that the concept of the Economic Man was only a side effect of a given period in the history of industrial relations, characterized by certain technological level. The author examines the theories of Lowe, Humboldt, Schiller, Goethe, Adam Smith, Firth, Barth among others as they apply to the topic. Introduction Definition Applicability and examples Consideration and general critique Alternatives It may safely be submitted that the notion of Economic Man originated in a relatively primitive economy, where everyone had to sell the products of his own activity to each other to sustain living. Thus there was a social decentralization and unorganized labor force was forced to sell its services. But nowadays these conditions do not exist any more. We will write a custom essay sample on The Economic Man Concept in the Economy and Society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore the mistake of the economics lies in the conclusion about the universal applicability of the Homo Economicus concept.

Free Essays on Does America Need A Federal Hate-crime Law

Does America need a federal hate-crime law? According to the United States Department of Justice, â€Å"Hate crime is the violence of intolerance and bigotry, intended to hurt and intimidate someone because of their race, ethnicity, national origin, religious, sexual orientation, or disability.† (5) Many think hate crimes are acts that are committed today, but these crimes held an important part in world history. The Nazis’ killing of the Jews was a hate crime. The Holocaust was manifested by hate and that hate was carried out by killing those that were hated. There are many hate crimes that aren’t even noticed. The public hears the stories that result in death or severe assault. One such story is the Matthew Shepard case. Here was a young man that was having problems with his sexual orientation. He knew that he was gay, and only wanted to live his life without fear. He went out one evening and was friendly to a couple of men at a bar. Matt was unaware that these men were homophobic. The men took him to a place, tied him to a fence and beat him to death. The media publications on the Matthew Shepard case were unbelievable. Then there was the case of Arthur Carl Warren Jr., a homosexual man from West Virginia. What happened to him was just has horrendous as Shepard’s. He was beaten and kicked to death by two 17-year old boys. He was then laid out on the ground and run over by a car many times. But why then wasn’t this case as important as Shepard’s? Could it be that the perpetrators were minors, or is it a cover-up by local law enforcement officers, or was it the law itself? West Virginia does have hate crime laws, but this state’s law does not have a law for sexual orientation as documented by the Anti-Defamation League. (2) According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Department of Justice, the majority of victims were racial prejudice. This accounted for 46.2 percent of all hate crimes. ... Free Essays on Does America Need A Federal Hate-crime Law Free Essays on Does America Need A Federal Hate-crime Law Does America need a federal hate-crime law? According to the United States Department of Justice, â€Å"Hate crime is the violence of intolerance and bigotry, intended to hurt and intimidate someone because of their race, ethnicity, national origin, religious, sexual orientation, or disability.† (5) Many think hate crimes are acts that are committed today, but these crimes held an important part in world history. The Nazis’ killing of the Jews was a hate crime. The Holocaust was manifested by hate and that hate was carried out by killing those that were hated. There are many hate crimes that aren’t even noticed. The public hears the stories that result in death or severe assault. One such story is the Matthew Shepard case. Here was a young man that was having problems with his sexual orientation. He knew that he was gay, and only wanted to live his life without fear. He went out one evening and was friendly to a couple of men at a bar. Matt was unaware that these men were homophobic. The men took him to a place, tied him to a fence and beat him to death. The media publications on the Matthew Shepard case were unbelievable. Then there was the case of Arthur Carl Warren Jr., a homosexual man from West Virginia. What happened to him was just has horrendous as Shepard’s. He was beaten and kicked to death by two 17-year old boys. He was then laid out on the ground and run over by a car many times. But why then wasn’t this case as important as Shepard’s? Could it be that the perpetrators were minors, or is it a cover-up by local law enforcement officers, or was it the law itself? West Virginia does have hate crime laws, but this state’s law does not have a law for sexual orientation as documented by the Anti-Defamation League. (2) According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Department of Justice, the majority of victims were racial prejudice. This accounted for 46.2 percent of all hate crimes. ...

Evaluate The United Kingdom Governments Sustainable Community Agenda Social Work Essay Essays

Evaluate The United Kingdom Governments Sustainable Community Agenda Social Work Essay Essays Evaluate The United Kingdom Governments Sustainable Community Agenda Social Work Essay Essay Evaluate The United Kingdom Governments Sustainable Community Agenda Social Work Essay Essay Within the United Kingdoms complex public policies there are a myriad of mentions made to sustainability, communities and development. Public policy shapers have a leaning to utilize the footings sustainable, communities and development in an influential manner which has come to fruition since 1997 with New Labour developing policies to turn to societal exclusion and promote community coherence. Sustainability has moved from being a end to a necessity within the urban environment. Dresner ( 2002 ) defines sustainable development as ?meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their demands ( Dresner, 2002: 1 ) . Sustainable communities can be defined as topographic points where people want to populate and work, now and in the hereafter. They meet the diverse demands of bing and future occupants, are sensitive to their environment, and contribute to a high quality of life. They are safe and inclusive, good pl anned, built and run, and offer equality of chance and good services for all ( Cooper and Symes, 2009: 120 ) . The purposes and aims of this assignment are to research and critically measure the grounds based theory following the Governments sustainable communities agenda, in add-on make comparings of good and bad sustainable communities The move towards effectual community engagement was highlighted in 1986 by the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. While it has been well criticised for holding become a mantra ( Baum, 1989 ) it does supply an apparent apprehension of the procedures of bring forthing healthy metropoliss and communities. The charter urged wellness sectors to go to more to basic wellness basicss such as shelter, peace, nutrient, income, instruction, stable ecosystems, societal justness and equity, by concentrating on procedures of protagonism, enablement and mediation, moreover on schemes to construct healthy public policies, empower communities, create supportive environments and reorient wellness services towards wellness publicity ( Baum needs to happen page ) . In 1987 the World Commission on Environment and Development ( WCED ) study ?Our Common Future ( Brundtland Report ) highlighted the construct of sustainable development straight into the head of authoritiess internationally. There was incre asing concern about the effects of economic development on wellness, natural resources and the environment. In June 1992, the Rio Earth Summit declared that ?the right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably run into developmental and environmental demands of nowadays and future coevalss. Sustainable development is non merely about the environment, it is besides about the economic system and our society. In April 2003, Sir John Egan conducted a reappraisal to see the accomplishments needed to assist present the vision and purposes of the Sustainable Communities program. The decisions of The Egan Review ( day of the month ) acknowledged that a common aim was required to present sustainable communities which would necessitate non merely the professional accomplishments of planning, architecture and surveying. In add-on a wide scope of generic accomplishments, behavior and cognition, administration, economic planning, communicating, hazard pickings, leading and partnership working ( Egan day of the month ) . These communities are able and willing to move jointly to uncover shared values, revitalise their vicinities and even co bring forth local service. This usage of ?community remains, nevertheless, a powerful subject in cardinal authoritiess policy programmes. Agenda 21 clearly stated that an anti poorness scheme should be an built-in portion of any sustainable development scheme. Nevertheless, a strong decision drawn from activity studies in the UK ( mention ) is that LA21 has chiefly been seen as a bringing mechanism for environmental policy and has tackled comparatively few socioeconomic jobs. In 2000, the Government placed a new responsibility on local governments to organize community schemes which promote and better the economic, societal and environmental good being of their countries, and contribute to the accomplishment of sustainable development in the UK ( DETR, 2000 ) . Community schemes can be seen as the pinnacle of the aspirations and outlooks placed on local governments to exert good strategic direction, given that they include the demands to be airy, and associate vision to action, to be lasting, holistic and to integrate the outlooks and actions of a broad assortment of stakeholders. ( Williams et al. , 2006: 59 ) Historically, local governments have operated under extremely departmentalised and hierarchal constructions organised by sector, mostly mirroring those of cardinal authorities. Policies tend to be developed by single sections therefore it may be suggested ( mention ) frequently fail to encompass cross cutting dockets such as LA21. Research suggest that there are similarities between LA21 and community schemes ( Tuxworth, 2001 ) , every bit good as several differences ( Fisher, 1999 ; Pinfield and Saunders, 2000 ) . Arguably both schemes aim to equilibrate environmental, societal and economic considerations within the policy procedure, therefore underscoring partnership working and community engagement as the manner frontward. In add-on both require a vision statement clearly linked to an action program and purpose to mensurate the success of this against clearly defined outcome based indexs. One difference between the two schemes stems from LA21s origins as an international authoriza tion, to undertake planetary issues from the local degree. In contrast, community schemes focus entirely on quality of life issues at the local degree and are non specifically required to see the planetary impact of local activity. In common with Burningham and Thrush ( 2001 ) , the research suggests that incorporate policy devising and bringing makes complete sense to local people, even if it is non expressed utilizing this linguistic communication. Indeed, in economically deprived and environmentally debauched communities, policy officers, undertaking workers and local people likewise believe there is small sense in a policy docket that does non take this attack. Local people are fed up with being consulted once more and once more by different bureaus on the same topic, i.e. the hereafter of their country, regeneration, local service bringing and other quality-of-life issues. They are besides frustrated by the silo ?which can be defined as compartmentalization outlook of sections and the fact that the right manus does non look to cognize what the left manus is making. They recognise that, as a consequence, many of their concerns neer get addressed because they fall through the spread in policy devising footin gs and they feel that cherished resources are frequently being wasted through duplicate of attempt or excessively narrowly focussed bringing docket. Sir Michael sets out his vision for the hereafter of local authorities centred on the construct of ?place-shaping, which he defines as ?the originative usage of powers and influence to advance the general well being of a community and its citizens ( Lyons 2007: 60 ) Using their ability to convey together local stakeholders, every bit good as their fiscal and managerial resources, local governments must concentrate on developing a vision for their countries, and do better usage of the powers at their disposal. Lyons urges Government to halt handling local governments as service bringing organic structures and challenges local councils to be proactive instead than invariably look to the Centre for counsel and inspiration. There is therefore much confusion about how the many procedures of engagement or community engagement in public policy relate to the broader constructs of democracy, representation and authorization. Research suggests ( mention ) that there has been one peculiar country of confusion relates to whether authorities dictums on community authorization suggest a sweeping transportation of power to local communities. For illustration, Barnes et Al. ( 2008 ) investigated a figure of illustrations of ?citizen centred administration where local people work together ?to make up ones mind how their demands will be met and how public services can better their quality of life ( Barnes et al. 2008: 1 ) . Barnes ( 2008 ) acknowledged that this created a ?patchwork of administration agreements where determination devising is frequently ill-defined and to those non straight involved, moreover there is uncertainness about whether citizens are involved because of their single inferred cognition or as r epresentatives of the wider community. The result may be that of participatory administration which can be defined as administration that actively seeks the inclusion of the people, particularly those who are underprivileged and socially and economically excluded. Participatory administration encourages the engagement of those who do non happen it easy to take part in province procedures. Thus the persons may achieve new accomplishments and penetrations through interacting with professionals and elected members furthermore the local democracy becomes more vivacious, arguably though it can barely be claimed that there is a transportation of power to local communities. A farther country of softness relates to the different spheres in which community engagement takes topographic point for illustration in planning and development there are certain rights embedded within statute law and within local authorization schemes. Here local people are seldom engaged as members of local partnerships although frequently express resistan ce to developments through informal action groups and protest motions. Ball ( 2004 ) , for illustration, interviewed stakeholders involved in major belongings led development, and found that developers were critical of current audience procedures and questioned whether the ?local community could to the full measure the impact of a development which may impact a wider metropolis part. Ball ( 2004 ) concludes that the study consequences indicate  ¦.that it is far from clear to non-community agents that ?communities ¦ [ ever ] become to a great extent involved in regeneration. Alternatively, they often deal with a series of local militants, whose representativeness is frequently doubtful. Those militants, in bend, find it hard to construct up swearing relationships either with other spouses or the local community ( Ball 2004: 139 ) . Conversely, in the field of urban regeneration community representatives are either carbon monoxide opted or elected onto direction boards or partnerships, such as with the New Deal for Communities ( NDC ) programme and Local Strategic Partnerships ( LSP ) , where differences may originate about the scheme nevertheless, seldom about the cardinal intent of the programme. In this sense, engagement in citizen centred administration may be less confrontational than with the planning procedure where local people can easy experience comparatively powerless when opposing major developers. In kernel therefore, community engagement is loosely seen as an indispensable ingredient of the democratic procedure in order to guarantee that citizens feel they have a ?voice in relation to developments which affect their lives, that local cognition has a direct input to determination devising and as a consequence the outlook is that the quality of bringing improves. From this position community battle m ostly maps as a manner of oiling the wheels of bureaucratism without basically altering the balance of power between stakeholders. However, the grounds that community engagement has an impact on the quality of determination devising is inconclusive. Research suggests ( Foot, 2009 ) that ?It remains hard to happen grounds of the impact of community battle on service quality ( Foot 2009: 18 ) . That community engagement needfully leads to the ?empowerment of local communities is more combative and is possibly more a contemplation of the interchangeable usage of footings such as ?engagement, ?involvement and ?empowerment in the literature and authorities counsel. The construct of authorization has been used in relation to community engagement for some clip has merely late entered into the vocabulary of authorities policy ( CLG 2008 ) . The recent White Paper refers to empowerment as being about ?passing more and more political power to more and more people through every practical agencies ( CLG 2008: 2 ) Furthermore, a cardinal restriction of the counsel is the deficiency of definition of the functions of members of local communities for illustration are they selected or elected because of their single cognition or as representatives of the wider communities? Government seldom acknowledges that local communities may reflect really different point of views on local issues reflecting differences of age, lodging term of office or cultural beginning, therefore merely seek to guarantee that ?persons of from under represented groups are included. Finally, the usage of footings such as to inform, prosecute and authorise imply really different grades of alteration in current administration systems. It may be questioned that there is no counsel on what the ultimate aim should be, in every bit much that the White Paper sees empowerment as being about ?passing more and more political power to more and more people ¦ arguably though there is small symposium about how this might be achieved. Need to observe that all policies and agreed rules have to be wide to procure understanding on them ( Jones et al, 2007: 744 ) Word Count

Caffeine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Caffeine - Research Paper Example Later this turned into the creation of a form of tea by steeping these items in boiling water. The Chinese emperor Shennong, according to Chinese legend, reigned in around 3000 BCE and found out that when leaves fell into boiling water a â€Å"fragrant and restorative drink resulted†(Yu, 35) leading historians to believe that this also aided in the discovery of tea/caffeine use for regular usage. In 900 BCE, â€Å"The Greek historian Homer mentions a bitter drink that is capable of warding off sleep. This was probably strong brewed tea.† (Unknown, 14) Coffee was discovered later on in the 9th century by a goat herder who observed his goats eating berries from a tree that made them more alert and awake. (Yu, 54) At this time, coffee beans were already being used and ground into fat in North America. This substance became a staple for religious practices due to the fact that coffee helped them stay awake longer. As mankind became more and more advanced and developed, soci ety began to see the use of caffeine in more daily use. A German scientist named Friedlieb Runge first synthesized caffeine in the lab. Since then, scientists and pharmacologists have learned how to create and extract the chemical and properties of caffeine from the coca bean and put it into commercial and medicinal use. In today’s society, caffeine is most commonly seen in the use of coffee, energy drinks, candy, etc. Unknown to society is that caffeine is one of the most abused substances across the world and has properties in it’s mechanism of action that can create possible problems for both short term and long term use due to the pharmacokinetics of caffeine and it’s mechanism of action. Caffeine is a stimulant which when it interacts with certain receptors in the body. Specifically, caffeine impacts systems such as the central nervous system and other physiological systems in the body. The typical route of administration is oral and is usually found in consumer food products, but has also been isolated in pill form as well. The chemical nature of caffeine is that it is lipid soluble. Because of this property, caffeine is able to bypass the blood brain barrier and have a direct effect upon the neural synapses in the brain. Primarily, caffeine is an antagonist on the adenosine receptors in the brain. This means that caffeine physically binds to the receptors in the brain causing a release of adenosine into the synapses. This can cause the secretion of norepinephrine and dopamine to occur. Norepinephrine is a stimulating neurotransmitter that is most commonly associated with the â€Å"fight or flight† aspect of the sympathetic nervous system. Dopamine is a pleas ure and rewarding chemical that is regulated by many different reward pathways, but the most common one consists of the dopamine being secreted in the ventral tegmental area and it proceeding on a pathway to the prefrontal cortex through the nucleus accumbens. The rewarding effect is one of the ways in which an individual becomes addicted to the drug. Physiologically, a person can experience the associated â€Å"crash† once the drug is no longer in the system since caffeine has a half-life of approximately four hours. In order to achieve the same effect, the user must continue to use more and more of whatever caffeine source they are