Free Essays on Does America Need A Federal Hate-crime Law

Does America need a federal hate-crime law? According to the United States Department of Justice, â€Å"Hate crime is the violence of intolerance and bigotry, intended to hurt and intimidate someone because of their race, ethnicity, national origin, religious, sexual orientation, or disability.† (5) Many think hate crimes are acts that are committed today, but these crimes held an important part in world history. The Nazis’ killing of the Jews was a hate crime. The Holocaust was manifested by hate and that hate was carried out by killing those that were hated. There are many hate crimes that aren’t even noticed. The public hears the stories that result in death or severe assault. One such story is the Matthew Shepard case. Here was a young man that was having problems with his sexual orientation. He knew that he was gay, and only wanted to live his life without fear. He went out one evening and was friendly to a couple of men at a bar. Matt was unaware that these men were homophobic. The men took him to a place, tied him to a fence and beat him to death. The media publications on the Matthew Shepard case were unbelievable. Then there was the case of Arthur Carl Warren Jr., a homosexual man from West Virginia. What happened to him was just has horrendous as Shepard’s. He was beaten and kicked to death by two 17-year old boys. He was then laid out on the ground and run over by a car many times. But why then wasn’t this case as important as Shepard’s? Could it be that the perpetrators were minors, or is it a cover-up by local law enforcement officers, or was it the law itself? West Virginia does have hate crime laws, but this state’s law does not have a law for sexual orientation as documented by the Anti-Defamation League. (2) According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Department of Justice, the majority of victims were racial prejudice. This accounted for 46.2 percent of all hate crimes. ... Free Essays on Does America Need A Federal Hate-crime Law Free Essays on Does America Need A Federal Hate-crime Law Does America need a federal hate-crime law? According to the United States Department of Justice, â€Å"Hate crime is the violence of intolerance and bigotry, intended to hurt and intimidate someone because of their race, ethnicity, national origin, religious, sexual orientation, or disability.† (5) Many think hate crimes are acts that are committed today, but these crimes held an important part in world history. The Nazis’ killing of the Jews was a hate crime. The Holocaust was manifested by hate and that hate was carried out by killing those that were hated. There are many hate crimes that aren’t even noticed. The public hears the stories that result in death or severe assault. One such story is the Matthew Shepard case. Here was a young man that was having problems with his sexual orientation. He knew that he was gay, and only wanted to live his life without fear. He went out one evening and was friendly to a couple of men at a bar. Matt was unaware that these men were homophobic. The men took him to a place, tied him to a fence and beat him to death. The media publications on the Matthew Shepard case were unbelievable. Then there was the case of Arthur Carl Warren Jr., a homosexual man from West Virginia. What happened to him was just has horrendous as Shepard’s. He was beaten and kicked to death by two 17-year old boys. He was then laid out on the ground and run over by a car many times. But why then wasn’t this case as important as Shepard’s? Could it be that the perpetrators were minors, or is it a cover-up by local law enforcement officers, or was it the law itself? West Virginia does have hate crime laws, but this state’s law does not have a law for sexual orientation as documented by the Anti-Defamation League. (2) According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Department of Justice, the majority of victims were racial prejudice. This accounted for 46.2 percent of all hate crimes. ...

Evaluate The United Kingdom Governments Sustainable Community Agenda Social Work Essay Essays

Evaluate The United Kingdom Governments Sustainable Community Agenda Social Work Essay Essays Evaluate The United Kingdom Governments Sustainable Community Agenda Social Work Essay Essay Evaluate The United Kingdom Governments Sustainable Community Agenda Social Work Essay Essay Within the United Kingdoms complex public policies there are a myriad of mentions made to sustainability, communities and development. Public policy shapers have a leaning to utilize the footings sustainable, communities and development in an influential manner which has come to fruition since 1997 with New Labour developing policies to turn to societal exclusion and promote community coherence. Sustainability has moved from being a end to a necessity within the urban environment. Dresner ( 2002 ) defines sustainable development as ?meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their demands ( Dresner, 2002: 1 ) . Sustainable communities can be defined as topographic points where people want to populate and work, now and in the hereafter. They meet the diverse demands of bing and future occupants, are sensitive to their environment, and contribute to a high quality of life. They are safe and inclusive, good pl anned, built and run, and offer equality of chance and good services for all ( Cooper and Symes, 2009: 120 ) . The purposes and aims of this assignment are to research and critically measure the grounds based theory following the Governments sustainable communities agenda, in add-on make comparings of good and bad sustainable communities The move towards effectual community engagement was highlighted in 1986 by the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. While it has been well criticised for holding become a mantra ( Baum, 1989 ) it does supply an apparent apprehension of the procedures of bring forthing healthy metropoliss and communities. The charter urged wellness sectors to go to more to basic wellness basicss such as shelter, peace, nutrient, income, instruction, stable ecosystems, societal justness and equity, by concentrating on procedures of protagonism, enablement and mediation, moreover on schemes to construct healthy public policies, empower communities, create supportive environments and reorient wellness services towards wellness publicity ( Baum needs to happen page ) . In 1987 the World Commission on Environment and Development ( WCED ) study ?Our Common Future ( Brundtland Report ) highlighted the construct of sustainable development straight into the head of authoritiess internationally. There was incre asing concern about the effects of economic development on wellness, natural resources and the environment. In June 1992, the Rio Earth Summit declared that ?the right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably run into developmental and environmental demands of nowadays and future coevalss. Sustainable development is non merely about the environment, it is besides about the economic system and our society. In April 2003, Sir John Egan conducted a reappraisal to see the accomplishments needed to assist present the vision and purposes of the Sustainable Communities program. The decisions of The Egan Review ( day of the month ) acknowledged that a common aim was required to present sustainable communities which would necessitate non merely the professional accomplishments of planning, architecture and surveying. In add-on a wide scope of generic accomplishments, behavior and cognition, administration, economic planning, communicating, hazard pickings, leading and partnership working ( Egan day of the month ) . These communities are able and willing to move jointly to uncover shared values, revitalise their vicinities and even co bring forth local service. This usage of ?community remains, nevertheless, a powerful subject in cardinal authoritiess policy programmes. Agenda 21 clearly stated that an anti poorness scheme should be an built-in portion of any sustainable development scheme. Nevertheless, a strong decision drawn from activity studies in the UK ( mention ) is that LA21 has chiefly been seen as a bringing mechanism for environmental policy and has tackled comparatively few socioeconomic jobs. In 2000, the Government placed a new responsibility on local governments to organize community schemes which promote and better the economic, societal and environmental good being of their countries, and contribute to the accomplishment of sustainable development in the UK ( DETR, 2000 ) . Community schemes can be seen as the pinnacle of the aspirations and outlooks placed on local governments to exert good strategic direction, given that they include the demands to be airy, and associate vision to action, to be lasting, holistic and to integrate the outlooks and actions of a broad assortment of stakeholders. ( Williams et al. , 2006: 59 ) Historically, local governments have operated under extremely departmentalised and hierarchal constructions organised by sector, mostly mirroring those of cardinal authorities. Policies tend to be developed by single sections therefore it may be suggested ( mention ) frequently fail to encompass cross cutting dockets such as LA21. Research suggest that there are similarities between LA21 and community schemes ( Tuxworth, 2001 ) , every bit good as several differences ( Fisher, 1999 ; Pinfield and Saunders, 2000 ) . Arguably both schemes aim to equilibrate environmental, societal and economic considerations within the policy procedure, therefore underscoring partnership working and community engagement as the manner frontward. In add-on both require a vision statement clearly linked to an action program and purpose to mensurate the success of this against clearly defined outcome based indexs. One difference between the two schemes stems from LA21s origins as an international authoriza tion, to undertake planetary issues from the local degree. In contrast, community schemes focus entirely on quality of life issues at the local degree and are non specifically required to see the planetary impact of local activity. In common with Burningham and Thrush ( 2001 ) , the research suggests that incorporate policy devising and bringing makes complete sense to local people, even if it is non expressed utilizing this linguistic communication. Indeed, in economically deprived and environmentally debauched communities, policy officers, undertaking workers and local people likewise believe there is small sense in a policy docket that does non take this attack. Local people are fed up with being consulted once more and once more by different bureaus on the same topic, i.e. the hereafter of their country, regeneration, local service bringing and other quality-of-life issues. They are besides frustrated by the silo ?which can be defined as compartmentalization outlook of sections and the fact that the right manus does non look to cognize what the left manus is making. They recognise that, as a consequence, many of their concerns neer get addressed because they fall through the spread in policy devising footin gs and they feel that cherished resources are frequently being wasted through duplicate of attempt or excessively narrowly focussed bringing docket. Sir Michael sets out his vision for the hereafter of local authorities centred on the construct of ?place-shaping, which he defines as ?the originative usage of powers and influence to advance the general well being of a community and its citizens ( Lyons 2007: 60 ) Using their ability to convey together local stakeholders, every bit good as their fiscal and managerial resources, local governments must concentrate on developing a vision for their countries, and do better usage of the powers at their disposal. Lyons urges Government to halt handling local governments as service bringing organic structures and challenges local councils to be proactive instead than invariably look to the Centre for counsel and inspiration. There is therefore much confusion about how the many procedures of engagement or community engagement in public policy relate to the broader constructs of democracy, representation and authorization. Research suggests ( mention ) that there has been one peculiar country of confusion relates to whether authorities dictums on community authorization suggest a sweeping transportation of power to local communities. For illustration, Barnes et Al. ( 2008 ) investigated a figure of illustrations of ?citizen centred administration where local people work together ?to make up ones mind how their demands will be met and how public services can better their quality of life ( Barnes et al. 2008: 1 ) . Barnes ( 2008 ) acknowledged that this created a ?patchwork of administration agreements where determination devising is frequently ill-defined and to those non straight involved, moreover there is uncertainness about whether citizens are involved because of their single inferred cognition or as r epresentatives of the wider community. The result may be that of participatory administration which can be defined as administration that actively seeks the inclusion of the people, particularly those who are underprivileged and socially and economically excluded. Participatory administration encourages the engagement of those who do non happen it easy to take part in province procedures. Thus the persons may achieve new accomplishments and penetrations through interacting with professionals and elected members furthermore the local democracy becomes more vivacious, arguably though it can barely be claimed that there is a transportation of power to local communities. A farther country of softness relates to the different spheres in which community engagement takes topographic point for illustration in planning and development there are certain rights embedded within statute law and within local authorization schemes. Here local people are seldom engaged as members of local partnerships although frequently express resistan ce to developments through informal action groups and protest motions. Ball ( 2004 ) , for illustration, interviewed stakeholders involved in major belongings led development, and found that developers were critical of current audience procedures and questioned whether the ?local community could to the full measure the impact of a development which may impact a wider metropolis part. Ball ( 2004 ) concludes that the study consequences indicate  ¦.that it is far from clear to non-community agents that ?communities ¦ [ ever ] become to a great extent involved in regeneration. Alternatively, they often deal with a series of local militants, whose representativeness is frequently doubtful. Those militants, in bend, find it hard to construct up swearing relationships either with other spouses or the local community ( Ball 2004: 139 ) . Conversely, in the field of urban regeneration community representatives are either carbon monoxide opted or elected onto direction boards or partnerships, such as with the New Deal for Communities ( NDC ) programme and Local Strategic Partnerships ( LSP ) , where differences may originate about the scheme nevertheless, seldom about the cardinal intent of the programme. In this sense, engagement in citizen centred administration may be less confrontational than with the planning procedure where local people can easy experience comparatively powerless when opposing major developers. In kernel therefore, community engagement is loosely seen as an indispensable ingredient of the democratic procedure in order to guarantee that citizens feel they have a ?voice in relation to developments which affect their lives, that local cognition has a direct input to determination devising and as a consequence the outlook is that the quality of bringing improves. From this position community battle m ostly maps as a manner of oiling the wheels of bureaucratism without basically altering the balance of power between stakeholders. However, the grounds that community engagement has an impact on the quality of determination devising is inconclusive. Research suggests ( Foot, 2009 ) that ?It remains hard to happen grounds of the impact of community battle on service quality ( Foot 2009: 18 ) . That community engagement needfully leads to the ?empowerment of local communities is more combative and is possibly more a contemplation of the interchangeable usage of footings such as ?engagement, ?involvement and ?empowerment in the literature and authorities counsel. The construct of authorization has been used in relation to community engagement for some clip has merely late entered into the vocabulary of authorities policy ( CLG 2008 ) . The recent White Paper refers to empowerment as being about ?passing more and more political power to more and more people through every practical agencies ( CLG 2008: 2 ) Furthermore, a cardinal restriction of the counsel is the deficiency of definition of the functions of members of local communities for illustration are they selected or elected because of their single cognition or as representatives of the wider communities? Government seldom acknowledges that local communities may reflect really different point of views on local issues reflecting differences of age, lodging term of office or cultural beginning, therefore merely seek to guarantee that ?persons of from under represented groups are included. Finally, the usage of footings such as to inform, prosecute and authorise imply really different grades of alteration in current administration systems. It may be questioned that there is no counsel on what the ultimate aim should be, in every bit much that the White Paper sees empowerment as being about ?passing more and more political power to more and more people ¦ arguably though there is small symposium about how this might be achieved. Need to observe that all policies and agreed rules have to be wide to procure understanding on them ( Jones et al, 2007: 744 ) Word Count

Caffeine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Caffeine - Research Paper Example Later this turned into the creation of a form of tea by steeping these items in boiling water. The Chinese emperor Shennong, according to Chinese legend, reigned in around 3000 BCE and found out that when leaves fell into boiling water a â€Å"fragrant and restorative drink resulted†(Yu, 35) leading historians to believe that this also aided in the discovery of tea/caffeine use for regular usage. In 900 BCE, â€Å"The Greek historian Homer mentions a bitter drink that is capable of warding off sleep. This was probably strong brewed tea.† (Unknown, 14) Coffee was discovered later on in the 9th century by a goat herder who observed his goats eating berries from a tree that made them more alert and awake. (Yu, 54) At this time, coffee beans were already being used and ground into fat in North America. This substance became a staple for religious practices due to the fact that coffee helped them stay awake longer. As mankind became more and more advanced and developed, soci ety began to see the use of caffeine in more daily use. A German scientist named Friedlieb Runge first synthesized caffeine in the lab. Since then, scientists and pharmacologists have learned how to create and extract the chemical and properties of caffeine from the coca bean and put it into commercial and medicinal use. In today’s society, caffeine is most commonly seen in the use of coffee, energy drinks, candy, etc. Unknown to society is that caffeine is one of the most abused substances across the world and has properties in it’s mechanism of action that can create possible problems for both short term and long term use due to the pharmacokinetics of caffeine and it’s mechanism of action. Caffeine is a stimulant which when it interacts with certain receptors in the body. Specifically, caffeine impacts systems such as the central nervous system and other physiological systems in the body. The typical route of administration is oral and is usually found in consumer food products, but has also been isolated in pill form as well. The chemical nature of caffeine is that it is lipid soluble. Because of this property, caffeine is able to bypass the blood brain barrier and have a direct effect upon the neural synapses in the brain. Primarily, caffeine is an antagonist on the adenosine receptors in the brain. This means that caffeine physically binds to the receptors in the brain causing a release of adenosine into the synapses. This can cause the secretion of norepinephrine and dopamine to occur. Norepinephrine is a stimulating neurotransmitter that is most commonly associated with the â€Å"fight or flight† aspect of the sympathetic nervous system. Dopamine is a pleas ure and rewarding chemical that is regulated by many different reward pathways, but the most common one consists of the dopamine being secreted in the ventral tegmental area and it proceeding on a pathway to the prefrontal cortex through the nucleus accumbens. The rewarding effect is one of the ways in which an individual becomes addicted to the drug. Physiologically, a person can experience the associated â€Å"crash† once the drug is no longer in the system since caffeine has a half-life of approximately four hours. In order to achieve the same effect, the user must continue to use more and more of whatever caffeine source they are